ENGL 3130: Business Writing

Professor:If you've never met a professor you might wonder what we do. We do research, write grant applications, write articles and books, review colleagues' work, give public presentations, participate in university governance, and teach (distill hundreds of books and articles into syllabi, create quizzes and tests, assign papers, offer feedback, grade, write letters of recommendation, design new classes). Most of the professors you will meet care deeply about teaching. They just wish they had more time for it. Remember there's a difference between learning and being entertained. Remember also that you don't have to like someone to learn from them. Dr. George Pullman
Office address: 2424, 25 Park Place
Phone: 404 - 413 - 5458When you do call someone, have a voice message prepared in advance. No more than 10 seconds. Speak slowly. Just say who you are, what you want, how to reach you. Repeat your number at the end, s-l-o-w-l-y. If you need more than 10 seconds, use email or face-to-face. I never use the phone, so with me, go straight to email.
Office Hours: I am available via gpullman@gsu.eduWhen emailing a professor, the subject line should be class number: day, time. Like this, for example, ENGL 3130: TR, 8:00. That way you don't have to introduce or explain yourself. The proper salutation is, 'Professor Lastname.' Don't use txt spk. Use complete sentences and standard punctuation. Don't ask questions Google answers. Don't ask, 'What did I miss?' (unless you want to antagonize your professor). Sign off with Thank you, and your name. Don't expect an immediate response. Many professors answer email only during a set time, say between 4 and 5 pm. I'm compulsively responsive to email but tend to maintain radio silence between 10 pm and 5 am..
I am early to class and frequently stay late, if you want to speak face-to-faceDon't be anonymous. Go to your professors' office hours at least once; early on is best. (Think of a smart question first: why did you get interested in SUBJECT HERE? What do SUBJECT majors do when they graduate? Most people, not just profs., like to talk about themselves, especially indirectly). Generally speaking, if you behave as though you take your learning seriously, a prof. will take you seriously. Otherwise, you are just a face in a sea of ever-changing faces..
You may also make an appointment, office, Skype/FaceTime, coffee shop.

Sentence-Level Revision

Your goal as a business communicator, regardless of media, is to sound like a real person talking to real people. It's fine to wear makeup, rarely a mask.

To become a better a writer you need to read for structure and style as well as content. Not just what but how and why.

The advice below is a systematic way to inspect your sentences for clarity. I suggest you spend about 50% of each writing session just inspecting sentences, elaborating on incomplete ideas when you notice them, and perhaps making notes for the next writing session.

Some Basic Sentence Revision Advice

1. The primary pattern for an English sentence is subject (the actor), verb (action), object (thing acted on) in that order.
   Original:Moving chunks around, building some up, cutting some back, deleting others entirely is what good writers spend most of their time doing.
   Revised: Good writers spend most of their time moving chunks around, building some up, cutting some back, deleting others.
2. The subject of every sentence should be concrete or at least specific.
   Can your readers see what you are talking about?
3. The main action of a sentence should be a verb rather than a verb phrase.
   Consider eliminating infinitive verb forms (to win, to run); the verb to be; and any verb with an "ing" ending unless the action is ongoing.
   In general, revise all sentences where the main verb has been turned into a noun phrase (aka, nominalization).
4. Use active voice to clarify who did what to whom ▼
   
   Original: Teen shot dead by police as his car was driving away, chief says.
   Revised:Chief says he shot dead a teenager who was driving away.
   
5. Use passive voice to avoid responsibility, avoid attributing error or blame to someone else, or veil an unpleasant truth.
   Original:It is wrong to make accusations of implicit bias whenever tragedy occurs.
   
   Use passive voice when convention expects it. ▼
   Original: I placed the sample in a centrifuge.
   Revised: The sample was placed in a centrifuge.
6. Place modifiers beside the noun they modify. ▼
   Original: You've earned more than a sick day.
   Revised: You've more than earned a sick day.
   Original: She ate a hot bowl of oatmeal.
   Revised: She ate a bowl of hot oatmeal.
7. Eliminate redundant expressions.
8. Eliminate verbose expressions.
9. Eliminate business jargon.
10. Eliminate vague words.
11. Eliminate clichés.
12. Use metaphors to bridge the known to the unknown.
13. If a sentence starts with There are or This is or That is, consider opening with the subject itself.
14. Delete that ▼
    Original: Don't use words that you can't define.
    Revised: Don't use words you can't define.
15. Don't use words you can't define.
    But do use words you can't spell; get a thesaurus and a dictionary (don't substitute one word for another without comparing meanings in a dictionary. Go for precise rather than fancy.
16. Question words that have multiple meanings (love, patriot, burden, crazy).
    Ask yourself, "What kind of X is this X?" If the answer isn't obvious you need to say more. Even if it is obvious to you, it may not be to your readers.)
17. Long sentences (10 + words) are ok, but don't separate the subject from the verb by a distance greater than a person can hold in working memory. If a reader gets near the end of a sentence and thinks, "Wait, what now?", you've got a problem.
18. Shorter is generally better, especially on the screen, but consider your subject, your audience, and your goal.
19. Delete meta-discourse ("As explained earlier", "In the next section").
    You are not talking to yourself. You are talking to someone else. Imagine you are driving and the GPS said, "After we turn left at the next light we will go 3 miles and then make a right and then half a mile later another left"? Information needs to arrive on time.
20. In general, reduce the length of any document by 10 - 30% without deleting any ideas.
    "Revision = Draft - 10%." (Steven King, On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft).

Practice, practice, practice, and practice some more.